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What is DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN), NHRP, mGRE and How to configure DMVPN Phase 1?

 

 DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN) Introduced by Cisco in late 2000 is a routing technology you can use to build a VPN network with multiple sites (spokes) without having to statically configure all devices. It’s a “hub and spoke” network, where the spokes will, can communicate with each other directly without having to go through the hub. Encryption is supported through IPsec which makes DMVPN a popular choice for connecting different sites using regular Internet connections. It’s a great backup or alternative to private networks like MPLS VPN.










 

This technology has been developed to address the need for automatically created VPN tunnels when dynamic IP addresses on the spokes are in use. This pure hub-and-spoke topology where all branches may communicate with each other securely through the hub.

There are four topics you need to know.

Multipoint GRE (mGRE)

NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)

Routing (RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, etc.)

IPsec (not required but recommended)


 

Multipoint GRE (mGRE)

Our regular GRE tunnels are point-to-point and don’t scale well. It becomes messy quickly so much point-to-point tunnels. but When we use GRE Multipoint, there will be only one tunnel interface on each router. mGRE interfaces do not have a tunnel destination. It keeps costs low, minimizing configuration complexity, and increasing flexibility. Multipoint GRE(Mgre) Uses tunnel source and tunnel mode (mgre). the Tunnel can have many endpoints by using a single tunnel interface. The endpoint can be configured as GRE or MGRE and Mapping is done by NHRP Protocol.


NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)

We want something which can help our router to figure out what the public IP address is of the other router, we do this with the help of a protocol called NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol). Next hop resolution protocol (NHRP)  Maps the tunnel IP with NBMA address (public IP ) (static or dynamic). NHRP Provides layer 2 address resolution protocol and caching services similar to ARP and inverse ARP. All it does is build a dynamic database store on the hub with information about spokes IP addresses.

How NHRP works:

  • One router will be the NHRP server next-hop server (NHS).
  • All other routers will be the NHRP client's next-hop client (NHC).
  • NHRP clients register themselves with the NHRP server and report their public IP address NHC sends a query to the NHS if they want to communicate with another NHC.
  • The NHRP server keeps track of all public IP addresses in its cache, NHS acts as a mapping agent and stores all registered mappings NHS reply to queries made by NHC.
  • When one router wants to tunnel something to another router, it will request the NHRP server for the public IP address of the other router.

 

DMVPN has different three versions. we call phases.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

 

DMVPN phase 1

Phase 1

before we started I want to let you know Phase 1 is  Not used nowadays, In phase 1 we use NHRP so that spokes can register themselves with the hub (NHRP  needed for spokes to register with hub). The hub is the only router that is using a multipoint GRE (mGRE) interface, all spokes will be using regular point-to-point GRE tunnel interfaces.No spokes hub and spokes topology were dynamic IP address on the spokes may be used. All your traffic goes through the hub. This means that there will be no direct spoke-to-spoke communication; all traffic has to go through the hub.

So our traffic has to go through the hub, our routing configuration will be quite simple. Spoke routers only need a summary or default route to the hub to reach other spoke routers.

DMVPN Phase 2 and 3 we will talk about in the next chapter.

let's see the configuration:

Topology:




Goal:
  • configure the topology as per the diagram 
  • assign the IP addresses to their port as per the topology 
  • configure static routing on router 2 
  • configure default routing on router 1 3 4
  • configure DMVPN Phase 1 on router 1, 3 and 4
  • configure router 1 Hub and  router 3 and 4 should be spokes routers
  • configure tunnel interfaces 192.168.1.0/24
  • configure NHRP using Stating mapping.




R1(config)#interface serial 4/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.0.0.0

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#no keepalive

R1(config-if)#exit


R2(config)#interface serial 4/0

R2(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.2 255.0.0.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

R2(config-if)#interface serial 4/1

R2(config-if)#ip address 3.3.3.1 255.0.0.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

R2(config-if)#interface serial 4/2

R2(config-if)#ip address 4.4.4.1 255.0.0.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

R2(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/0

R2(config-if)#ip address 20.1.1.1 255.0.0.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

R2(config-if)#no keepalive

R2(config-if)#exit


R3(config)#interface serial 4/1
R3(config-if)#ip address 3.3.3.2 255.0.0.0
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip address 30.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#no keepalive
R3(config-if)#exit


R4(config)#interface serial 4/2
R4(config-if)#ip address 4.4.4.2 255.0.0.0
R4(config-if)#no shutdown
R4(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R4(config-if)#ip address 40.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
R4(config-if)#no shutdown
R4(config-if)#no keepalive
R4(config-if)#exit


R1#show ip interface brief
Interface              IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0        10.1.1.1        YES manual up                    up
Serial4/0                    1.1.1.1         YES manual up                    up

R2#show ip interface brief
Interface              IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0        20.1.1.1        YES manual up                    up
Serial4/0              1.1.1.2         YES manual up                    up
Serial4/1              3.3.3.1         YES manual up                    up
Serial4/2              4.4.4.1         YES manual up                    up

R3#show ip interface brief
Interface              IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0        30.1.1.1        YES manual up                    up
Serial4/1                     3.3.3.2         YES manual up                    up

R4#show ip interface brief
Interface              IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0        40.1.1.1        YES manual up                    up
Serial4/2                    4.4.4.2         YES manual up                    up


R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 4/0

R1(config)#exit

R2(config)#ip route 1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 4/0

R2(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 4/0

R2(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 4/1
R2(config)#ip route 3.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 4/1
R2(config)#ip route 4.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 4/2
R2(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 serial 4/2
R2(config)#exit

R3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 4/1
R3(config)#exit

R4(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 4/2
R4(config)#exit


R1#show ip route static

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

S*    0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial4/0

R2#show ip route static
Gateway of last resort is not set

S     10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial4/0
S     30.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial4/1
S     40.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial4/2

 

R3#show ip route static

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

S*    0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial4/1


R4#show ip route static

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

S*    0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial4/2

R1(config)#interface tunnel 999
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#tunnel source 1.1.1.1
R1(config-if)#tunnel mode GRE multipoint

R1(config-if)#ip NHRP network-id 01
R1(config-if)#ip NHRP map 192.168.1.2 3.3.3.2
R1(config-if)#ip NHRP map 192.168.1.3 4.4.4.2
R1(config-if)#exit

R3(config)#interface tunnel 999
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#tunnel source 3.3.3.2
R3(config-if)#tunnel destination 1.1.1.1

R3(config-if)#ip NHRP network-id 02
R3(config-if)#ip NHRP map 192.168.1.1 1.1.1.1
R3(config-if)#exit


R4(config)#interface tunnel 999
R4(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#tunnel source 4.4.4.2
R4(config-if)#tunnel destination 1.1.1.1

R4(config-if)#ip NHRP network-id 03
R4(config-if)#ip NHRP map 192.168.1.1 1.1.1.1
R4(config-if)#exit
R4(config)#end

R1#show ip nhrp
192.168.1.2/32 via 192.168.1.2
   Tunnel999 created 00:44:20, never expire
   Type: static, Flags: used
   NBMA address: 3.3.3.2
192.168.1.3/32 via 192.168.1.3
   Tunnel999 created 00:44:04, never expire
   Type: static, Flags: used
   NBMA address: 4.4.4.2

R3#show ip NHRP
192.168.1.1/32 via 192.168.1.1
   Tunnel999 created 00:29:11, never expire
   Type: static, Flags:
   NBMA address: 1.1.1.1


R4#show ip NHRP
192.168.1.1/32 via 192.168.1.1
   Tunnel999 created 00:23:36, never expire
   Type: static, Flags:
   NBMA address: 1.1.1.1


 
R4#traceroute 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.1.1
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.1 1616 msec 92 msec 36 msec

R4#traceroute 192.168.1.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.1.2
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.1 12 msec 48 msec 40 msec
  2 192.168.1.2 700 msec 328 msec 84 msec

R3#traceroute 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.1.1
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.1 80 msec 72 msec 72 msec


R3#traceroute 192.168.1.3
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.1.3
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.1 72 msec 56 msec 96 msec
  2 192.168.1.3 240 msec 188 msec 188 msec

R1#traceroute 192.168.1.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.1.2
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.2 8 msec 72 msec 96 msec

R1#traceroute 192.168.1.3
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 192.168.1.3
VRF info: (vrf in name/id, vrf out name/id)
  1 192.168.1.3 72 msec 100 msec 100 msec



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