MPLS defines protocols that make different
paradigms for the way routers forward packets. rather than forwarding
packets based on the packet's destination IP address, MPLS defines how the router can forward packets based on the MPLS label.
What we are going to see in this section:
- How does MPLS work?
- Traditional IP routing
- Basic MPLS feature
- MPLS terminology
2.What is MPLS Label distributing protocol (LDP) ? How LDP works?
3.how to configure MPLS LDP Peering ?
4.What is MPLS L3 VPN ? How to configure?
5.How to configure MPLS L3 VPN with RIPv2 ?
6.How to configure MPLS L3 VPN with EIGRP ?
7.How to configure MPLS L3 VPN with OSPF ?
8.What is OSPF Sham Links? how to configure OSPF Sham Links?
10.What Is Network Tunneling And How To Configure Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnels?
11. What Is DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN), NHRP, MGRE And How To Configure DMVPN Phase 1?
15. What Is IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)? What Is Internet Key Exchange IKE? How To Configure IPSec Tunnel?
16. What Is IKE (Internet Key Exchange)? How To Configure IPSec Site-To-Site?
Let’s take an example to understand better.
 |
| MPLS Packet Forwarding host 10.1.1.1 generates and sends an unlabeled packet destined to host 20.1.1.1. |
- router 1, with no MPLS feature configured, forwards the unlabeled packet based on the destination IP address, and traditional IP routing, without any labels.
- MPLS router e receives the unlabeled packet and decides, as part of the MPLS forwarding process to impose(push) a new label (value 20) into the packet and forwards the packet to router 3.
- MPLS router 3 revives the labeled packet. router 3 swaps the label for a new label value (30) and then forward the packet to router 4.
- MPLS router receives the labeled packet, removes (pops) the label, and forwards the packet toward router 5
- non-MPLS router 5 forwards the unlabeled packet based on the destination IP address, as normal.
Traditional IP routing
Routing protocols are used to distribute layer routing
information. A forwarding decision is made based on:
- Packet header
- Local routing table
Routing lookups are independently performed at every hop
Basic MPLS features
MPLS is a forwarding mechanism in which packets are
forwarded based on labels. MPLS packets can run another layer 2 technology such as ATM, Frame relay. PPP, Ethernet. MPLS leverages both IP routing and CEF switching.
MPLS terminology
LSR (label switch router) is any router that pushes a label onto the packet, pops a label from the packet, or simply forwards the labeled packet. in other words, LSR
forward packets based on labels and swap labels.
Edge LSP (E-LSR) Edge LSR in the MPLS network process both labeled and unlabeled
Labels IP packets (Imposes labels) and forwarded them into the MPLS
domain
Forwards IP packets out of the MPLS domain
A sequence of labels to reach a destination is called an lSP.
Benefits of MPLS
MPLS supports multiple applications including:
Unicast and multicast IP routing
MPLS decreases forwarding overhead on core routers.
BGP free core
MPLS can support the forwarding of non-IP protocol
VPN
TE
QoS
Atom
MPLS label
MPLS uses a 32-bit label header that is inserted between l2
& l3 of OSI
20-bit label
3-bit experiment field
1-bit bottom of the stuck indicator
8-bit time to live field
A single label corresponds to a single route and shares them
with MPLS neighbor (using LDP protocol)
MPLS label stack
Usually, only one label is assigned to a packet, but multiple
labels in a label stack are supported.
These scenarios may produce more than one label:
MPLS VPN (two labels):
The top points to the egress routers, and the second label
identifies the vpn.
MPLS-TE (two or more labels):
The top label points to the endpoint of the traffic engineering
tunnel and the second label point to the point destination.
MPLS VPNs combined with MPLS-TE
Three or more labels).
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